Elbow Passive Range of Motion

Anatomical Movement: Elbow joint passive flexion and extension.
Testing position: Patient is standing or seated with the hand supinated and the arm parallel to the midline of the body. The upper arm is held with one hand and forearm with the other hand, followed by a maximum flexion and extension at the elbow.
Expected Findings:
Flexion 0 to 160 degrees
Extension 0 degrees (males) & 10-15 degrees (females- hyperextension)

Anatomical Movement: Forearm passive supination and pronation
Testing position: Patient is standing or seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow at 90 degrees of flexion and forearm in the neutral position. One hand supports the patient elbow and for resistance, the other hand grasps the wrist to perform maximum supination and pronation motion.
Expected Findings:
Pronation (rotation inward) 0 to 90 degrees
Supination (rotation outward) 0 to 90 degrees