Elbow Active Range of Motion

Anatomical Movement: elbow joint active flexion and extension.
Testing position: patient is standing or seated with the hand supinated and the arm parallel to the midline of the body.
Expected Findings:
Flexion 0 to 160 degrees;
Extension 0 degrees (males) & 10-15 degrees (females- hyperextension).

Anatomical Movement: forearm active supination and pronation.
Testing position: patient is standing or seated with the shoulder adducted by their side, elbow at 90 degrees of flexion and forearm in the neutral position.
Expected Findings:
Pronation (rotation inward) 0 to 90 degrees;
Supination (rotation outward) 0 to 90 degrees.