Virtual Reality in Neurosurgery

The realm of neurosurgery has witnessed a gradual but significant integration of Virtual Reality (VR) technology, with ongoing studies focused on its application in neurosurgical planning. This comprehensive review, authored by a team from India, centers on the role of VR in various aspects of neurosurgery, spanning from training and simulation to intraoperative utilization, neuronavigation, postoperative rehabilitation, pain management, and the challenges on the horizon.
It is worth noting that within the literature, the terminology can be somewhat interchangeable, encompassing VR, Augmented Reality (AR), and even Mixed Reality (MR). However, it's essential to recognize the fundamental distinctions among these technologies. VR entails the creation of computed-generated three-dimensional immersive environments, while AR involves the projection of computer-generated images onto real-world images. MR, on the other hand, entails the projection of virtual objects into the real world.
Both AR and VR have demonstrated their prowess in facilitating navigation during demanding neurosurgical procedures, among other potential applications. Notably, Volume graph-guided neuronavigation underscores AR's role as a navigation tool, effectively transforming the surgical field into a virtual operating space. Furthermore, the clinical application of VR has shown promise in enhancing diagnostic accuracy and improving the efficacy of neuroimaging for operative decision-making and prognosis. Furthermore, VR has proven to be an invaluable tool for enhancing the training of young specialists. As technology continues to advance, it opens new horizons for VR's utility in managing chronic pain disorders in the field of neurosurgery, including conditions like region-specific pain syndromes. Finally, VR-based rehabilitation systems have gained considerable importance in addressing pathologies such as spinal cord injuries, particularly when combined with traditional physiotherapy. This synergy between technology and traditional therapies holds great promise for the future of neurosurgery.