Value of exercise on diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus (DM) poses a significant risk, triggering both macrovascular and microvascular complications that can lead to life-threatening conditions. The American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association emphasize the pivotal role of exercise for individuals with DM. They highlight its ability to confer cardiovascular advantages, reducing associated risks and mortality rates, aiding in weight management, and enhancing glycemic control. Enhanced tissue sensitivity to insulin amplifies the positive impact on regulating blood sugar levels.
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients are advised to engage in 30 to 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity regularly. Additionally, it's recommended that individuals with DM include resistance training in their routine at least twice a week. For short-term effects on type 2 diabetes pathophysiology, exercise results in heightened insulin sensitivity. Those on oral hypoglycemic medications experience decreased blood glucose levels following physical activity. Research suggests differences in blood glucose response based on fasting versus post-meal exercise, with stability observed in fasting conditions and a decline noted after exercise following meals. Regarding type 1 diabetes, well-controlled patients adhering to an insulin regimen exhibit elevated serum insulin concentrations during exercise due to heightened temperature and blood flow, facilitating increased insulin absorption from subcutaneous depots. However, individuals with poorly managed diabetes paradoxically experience heightened blood glucose concentrations during exercise.