The iodine rush: prophylactic use in the event of a nuclear disaster

Radioactive isotopes of iodine, like I131, find themselves among the products of nuclear fission. In the unfortunate event of a nuclear disaster, there's a possibility of the release of radioactive iodine (RI) into the atmosphere, forming a plume or cloud, thereby contaminating the surrounding environment. In cases where individuals inhale or ingest this RI, it can result in internal radiation exposure, with the thyroid gland being the primary recipient.
The key risk factor for the development of thyroid cancer, following exposure to radiation, is the dose of radiation that reaches the thyroid gland. It's important to note that children and adolescents, in comparison to adults, face a heightened risk of developing radiation-induced thyroid cancer. This increased risk can be attributed to higher rate of RI absorption during thyroid gland development, a smaller thyroid size leading to higher tissue doses, and variations in dietary habits.
Researchers from Milan, Italy, undertook a narrative review that involved an analysis of the use of prophylactic iodine in the event of a nuclear accident. As a practical and successful protective measure, blocking the thyroid's absorption of radioactive iodine through the oral administration of potassium iodide (KI) is considered a viable option. Literature reports suggest that there can be a significant reduction in radiation dose to the thyroid, estimated at 40-62%, when KI is administered within 1-4 days of exposure initiation. It's worth noting that the effectiveness of KI in blocking radioiodine uptake is highest when taken shortly before or after exposure. There are both advantages and disadvantages to consider. On the positive side, the side effects of short-term KI use have been minimal, offering reassurance. Furthermore, when stored appropriately, packaged tablets can maintain their iodine content for at least five years. However, it's important to keep in mind that the shelf life is more limited if stable iodine is in powder form or as an aqueous solution. For more information, you can refer to the provided link.