The impact of smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouches (snus) on oral health

This study investigates the correlation between the use of smokeless tobacco, including Swedish snus and nicotine pouches, and its impact on oral mucosal health, as well as salivary biomarkers. Conducted in Latvia, where snus is banned yet widely used by athletes, the research sheds light on the oral health implications of these products and their rising popularity as a perceived safer alternative to traditional cigarettes.

Out of 76 respondents aged 18–35, who met strict criteria for inclusion, findings indicated that 15.8% used snus, with men being the predominant users. A significant correlation emerged between the duration of use and observable oral mucosal changes, particularly in males using 5–10 units daily for 5–10 years. The study highlighted white, leathery mucosal lesions localized at the sites where snus sachets were placed, underscoring a tangible link between usage and oral tissue damage.

The investigation also measured inflammatory markers, revealing notably higher levels of IL-6 among snus users compared to other groups. Elevated IL-6 was statistically linked to the presence of mucosal changes, suggesting it could serve as an indicator for early-stage precancerous conditions. However, LRG1 levels, despite being higher in the snus group, were not deemed reliable for prognostic use.

This study underscores the pressing need for targeted oral health interventions for users of smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouches. It calls for more extensive research on long-term health risks, especially as the global trend shifts towards alternative tobacco products. These findings aim to inform both public health initiatives and clinical practices by emphasizing the importance of saliva as a diagnostic tool for early detection of potentially malignant oral changes.