Screening for cervical cancer

Cervical cancer ranks as the fourth most prevalent cancer among women globally. In an ambitious bid to eradicate this disease by 2030, the World Health Organization has set a target of achieving 70 percent coverage for twice-lifetime screening. A multitude of screening techniques are ranging from cytology to human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing and visual inspection tests. Precision tests, such as those utilizing molecular and protein biomarkers like DNA methylation, p16 immunostaining, and HPV mRNA testing, play a pivotal role in enhancing the specificity of screening processes. HPV DNA testing, either alone or in conjunction with cytology, stands as the preferred screening method worldwide, while resource-constrained settings often rely on visual inspection tests. However, the primary challenge lies in ensuring uniform and systematic implementation, alongside the establishment of a robust recall system within the population. Furthermore, controversies persist regarding the management of HPV-positive individuals and the formulation of screening guidelines for vaccinated populations.