Effects of music on the cardiovascular system

Music is mostly associated with entertainment, however it has been recently recognized as a promising non-pharmacological approach to improving health outcomes in various populations, including those with cardiovascular diseases. To explore its potential, researchers conducted a thorough search using the PubMed database, focusing on randomized controlled trials and observational studies. The review, conducted by authors based in the US, encompassed twenty-six studies involving 1,342 subjects, with 55% being female.
Surprisingly, the analysis revealed a direct correlation between the tempo of music and changes in heart rate and blood pressure. This effect appears to be contingent on the speed of the music rather than the subject's musical preference or style. The tempo of music can be employed to synchronize or entrain body rhythms, including heart and respiratory rates. Among the studies examined, it was suggested that alterations in breathing patterns might play a crucial role in mediating the effects of musical structure on heart rate variability. Interestingly, singing, being an active form of music intervention, may have different effects on HRV compared to passive music listening. This review also advocates for the use of music listening to enhance physical performance, particularly in increasing exercise endurance and promoting adherence to physical activity.
However, to draw more robust conclusions, longer-term music interventions spanning weeks to months are necessary. Moreover, further research is needed to investigate the impact of music in individuals with preexisting cardiovascular conditions. The evolving role of music as a potential tool in promoting health outcomes continues to captivate the scientific community.