Peppermint: phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and application

Mentha harbors a diverse array of constituents, encompassing both peppermint essential oil (PEO) and non-essential components such as steroids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids. Accumulating evidence underscores the pharmacological prowess of PEO, which extends to the protection of various bodily systems including the gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidneys, skin, respiratory system, as well as the brain and nervous systems. Additionally, PEO demonstrates hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.
In clinical settings, PEO finds utility in the management of gastrointestinal and dermatological ailments, as well as in postoperative adjuvant therapy. This review endeavors to elucidate the advancements in the extraction and isolation of PEO, its biological activities, pharmacological effects, toxicity profile, and diverse applications. Notably, transdermal absorption post-topical administration of PEO stands out as a distinctive feature, facilitating convenient medication for both localized ailments and systemic disorders upon absorption into the bloodstream. Despite the generally favorable therapeutic indices of Mentha and PEO, concerns persist regarding the toxicity of PEO upon surpassing certain dosages. In the realm of cosmetics, PEO is utilized owing to its potent antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. Notably, PEO enhances the efficacy of sunscreens, attributable to its exceptionally high SPF value.