Anti-cancer potential of medicinal mushrooms

Breast cancer (BC) is a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality globally, with millions of new cases annually and projections indicating a further increase in diagnoses and deaths by 2030. Lifestyle factors such as delayed pregnancies, reduced breastfeeding, low physical activity, and poor diet contribute to the rising incidence, especially in low- and medium-income countries. Consumption of ultra-processed foods high in sodium, fat, and sugar, along with excessive intake of alcohol and saturated fats, increases BC risk. Conversely, diets rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and lean protein are associated with reduced BC risk. Specific nutrients like ω-3 PUFA, vitamin D, fiber, folate, and phytoestrogens may offer protective benefits against BC.
Conventional BC treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have limitations, including adverse effects and acquired resistance. Complementary and integrative approaches combining conventional medicine with alternative therapies have shown promise in enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing side effects. Edible/medicinal mushrooms, rich in bioactive compounds like polysaccharides, proteins, lectins, terpenes, and antioxidants, exhibit antineoplastic effects by modulating immune responses and targeting molecular pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation and survival. Research at both preclinical and clinical levels supports the potential therapeutic benefits of mushrooms in cancer prevention and treatment. Epidemiological studies suggest a protective role against various cancers, including BC. However, more robust clinical trials are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of mushroom-derived compounds. Dose-escalation studies and pharmacokinetic assessments are necessary to determine optimal doses and understand the translational potential of mushroom therapy.